Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response
Full Text (PDF)
More Detail
1 Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK* Corresponding Author
Abstract
Online educational platforms (e.g., Microsoft Outlook and Moodle) are integrated within higher education communication. Predominantly aged 18-24 years, university students have only ever known a digitally connected world and communicating online is a core component of their reality. Higher education students and staff are thus regularly communicating online. Online self-presentation techniques and online self-disclosure behaviors are required to communicate online. The online disinhibition effect elevates the risk of over-disclosure. Students may be drawing upon online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors to communicate with staff via online educational platforms; this may be useful and result in informative responses from staff, or this could be unsuccessful (particularly if students over-disclose) and result in less informative responses from staff. To explore this, a mixed methods approach has been adopted within this study drawing upon 100 Moodle forum posts and 100 emails between students and staff at one U.K. higher education institution. A deductive thematic analysis identifies occurrences of students online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors, and staff’s content disclosure (informativeness of responses). A path analysis then explores the predictive relationship between these components. Findings are the first to highlight that students are indeed utilizing online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors via online educational platforms, and that these do predict the informativeness of staff response. Importantly, these findings should be used to support students in how to effectively communicate with staff via online educational platforms, and to educate staff in considerations of how they respond.
License
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Article Type: Research Article
Journal of Digital Educational Technology, Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2024, Article No: ep2405
https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169
Publication date: 30 Jan 2024
Article Views: 6877
Article Downloads: 4104
Open Access References How to cite this articleReferences
- Abell, L., & Brewer, G. (2014). Machiavellianism, self-monitoring, self-promotion and relational aggression on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 258-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.076
- Adams, C., Gringart, E., & Strobel, N. (2022). Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review. Systematic Reviews, 11, 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-022-02034-y
- Ahmed, A. A.-A. M. (2014). Self-presentation strategies among users of social networking sites. International Journal of Interactive Communication Systems and Technologies, 4(2), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICST.2014070105
- Aleven, V., Stahl, E., Schworm, S., Fischer, F., & Wallace, R. (2003). Help seeking and help design in interactive learning environments. Review of Educational Research, 73(3), 277-320. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543073003277
- Amro, H., Maxwell, G. M., & Kupczynski, L. (2013). Faculty perceptions of student performance in the online classroom. E-Learning and Digital Media, 10(3), 294-304. https://doi.org/10.2304/elea.2013.10.3.294
- Anderson, E. L., Steen, E., & Stavropoulos, V. (2017). Internet use and problematic internet use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(4), 430-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1227716
- Bachman, G. F., & Guerrero, L. K. (2006). Fogiveness, apology, and communicative responses to hurtful events. Communication Reports, 19(1-2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934210600586357
- Barutçu Yıldırım, F., & Demir, A. (2020). Self-handicapping among university students: The role of procrastination, test anxiety, self-esteem, and self-compassion. Psychological Reports, 123(3), 825-843. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118825099
- Basford, T. E., Offermann, L. R., & Behrend, T. S. (2014). Please accept my sincerest apologies: Examining follower reactions to leader apology. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), 99-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1613-y
- Binali, T., Tsai, C. C., & Chang, H. Y. (2021). University students’ profiles of online learning and their relation to online metacognitive regulation and internet-specific epistemic justification. Computers & Education, 175, 104315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104315
- Bolino, M. C., Klotz, A. C., & Daniels, D. (2014). The impact of impression management over time. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29(3), 266-284. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0290
- Bolino, M., Long, D., & Turnley, W. (2016). Impression management in organizations: Critical questions, answers, and areas for future research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 377-406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062337
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2014). What can “thematic analysis” offer health and wellbeing researchers?. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 9(1), 26152. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.26152
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 11(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019. 1628806
- Broadbent, J., & Lodge, J. (2021). Use of live chat in higher education to support self-regulated help seeking behaviors: A comparison of online and blended learner perspectives. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00253-2
- Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1989). Single sample cross-validation indices for covariation structures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24, 445-455. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15327906mbr2404_4
- Burusic, J., & Ribar, M. (2014). The moderating role of self-presentation tactics: Judgments of personality traits and self-presentation of others based on a limited amount of information. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 73(4), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000142
- Chen, B., & Marcus, J. (2012). Students’ self-presentation on Facebook: An examination of personality and self-construal factors. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2091-2099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.013
- Chen, Z., Sun, K., & Wang, K. (2018). Self-esteem, achievement goals, and self-handicapping in college physical education. Psychological Reports, 121(4), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117735333
- Cheng, B., Guo, G., Tian, J., & Kong, Y. (2023). ‘I disdain the company of flatterers!’: How and when observed ingratiation predicts employees’ ostracism toward their ingratiating colleagues. Human Relations. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267231170175
- Cheng, K. H., Liang, J. C., & Tsai, C. C. (2013). University students’ online academic help seeking: The role of self-regulation and information commitments. The Internet and Higher Education, 16, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2012.02.002
- Cheng, Z., Pan, Y., & Ni, Y. (2019). Self-determination affects the use of self-presentation strategies on social networking sites. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7758
- Chung, E. K., Lee, Y. M., Chae, S. J., Yoon, T. Y., Kim, S. Y., Park, S. Y., Park, J. Y., & Park, C. S. (2019). Korean medical students’ attitudes toward academic misconduct: A cross-sectional multicenter study. Korean Journal of Medical Education, 31(4), 309. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2019. 141
- Clark-Gordon, C. V., Bowman, N. D., Goodboy, A. K., & Wright, A. (2019). Anonymity and online self-disclosure: A meta-analysis. Communication Reports, 32(2), 98-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2019.1607516
- Cohen, J. (2001). Defining identification: A theoretical look at the identification of audiences with media characters. Mass Communication & Society, 4(3), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0403_01
- Comegys, C., Hannula, M., & Väisänen, J. (2006). Longitudinal comparison of Finnish and US online shopping behavior among university students: The five-stage buying decision process. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 14, 336-356. https://doi.org/10.1057/PALGRAVE.JT.5740193
- De Cremer, D., & Schouten, B. C. (2008). When apologies for injustice matter: The role of respect. European Psychologist, 13(4), 239-247. http://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.13.4.239
- Dimock, M. (2019). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/
- Dunn, K. E., Rakes, G. C., & Rakes, T. A. (2014). Influence of academic self-regulation, critical thinking, and age on online graduate students’ academic help-seeking. Distance Education, 35, 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2014.891426
- Er, E., Kopcha, T. J., Orey, M., & Dustman, W. (2015). Exploring college students’ online help-seeking behavior in a flipped classroom with a web-based help-seeking tool. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 31(5), 537-555. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.2527
- Fan, Y. H., & Lin, T. J. (2023). Identifying university students’ online academic help-seeking patterns and their role in Internet self-efficacy. The Internet and Higher Education, 56, 100893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2022.100893
- Ferrari, J. R., & Díaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(3), 707-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.06.006
- Gardner, W. L. (2003). Perceptions of leader charisma, effectiveness, and integrity: Effects of exemplification, delivery, and ethical reputation. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(4), 502-527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318903251324
- Gillespie, A. (2020). Disruption, self-presentation, and defensive tactics at the threshold of learning. Review of General Psychology, 24(4), 382-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268020914258
- Goffman, E. (1959). The moral career of the mental patient. Psychiatry, 22(2), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1959.11023166
- Goodwin, J., Behan, L., Kelly, P., McCarthy, K., & Horgan, A. (2016). Help-seeking behaviors and mental well-being of first year undergraduate university students. Psychiatry Research, 246, 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.015
- Gordon, R. A. (1996). Impact of ingratiation on judgments and evaluations: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 54-70. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.54
- Grapentine, T. (2000). Path analysis vs. structural equation modeling. Marketing research, 12(3).
- Hall, J. A., Pennington, N., & Lueders, A. (2014). Impression management and formation on Facebook: A lens model approach. New Media & Society, 16(6), 958-982. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813495166
- Hart, W., Richardson, K., Tortoriello, G. K., & Breeden, C. J. (2019a). Revisiting profiles and profile comparisons of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism on self-presentation tactic use. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109523
- Hart, W., Tortoriello, G. K., Richardson, K., & Breeden, C. J. (2019b). Profiles and profile comparisons between Dark Triad constructs on self-presentation tactic usage and tactic beliefs. Journal of Personality, 87(3), 501-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12411
- Haugh, M., & Chang, W. L. M. (2019). “The apology seemed (in) sincere”: Variability in perceptions of (im) politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 142, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.11.022
- HESA. (2023). Who’s studying in HE? https://www.hesa.ac.uk/ data-and-analysis/students/whos-in-he
- Highhouse, S., Brooks, M. E., & Wang, Y. (2016). Status seeking and manipulative self-presentation. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 24(4), 352-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12153
- Hong, S., Jahng, M. R., Lee, N., & Wise, K. R. (2020). Do you filter who you are?: Excessive self-presentation, social cues, and user evaluations of Instagram selfies. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 106159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106159
- Horgan, A., & Sweeney, J. (2012). University students’ online habits and their use of the Internet for health information. Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 30(8), 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1097/nxn.0b013e3182510703
- Jones, E. E., Gergen, K. J., & Jones, R. G. (1963). Tactics of ingratiation among leaders and subordinates in a status hierarchy. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 77(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093832
- Karabenick, S. A., & Puustinen, M. (2013). Introduction. In S. A. Karabenick, & M. Puustinen (Eds.), Advances in help-seeking research and applications: The role of emerging technologies (pp. 1-6). IAP Information Age Publishing.
- Kármen, D., Kinga, S., Edit, M., Susana, F., Kinga, K. J., & Réka, J. (2015). Associations between academic performance, academic attitudes, and procrastination in a sample of undergraduate students attending different educational forms. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 187, 45-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.009
- Kim, J., & Dindia, K. (2011). Online self-disclosure: A review of research. In K. B. Wright, & L. M. Webb (Eds.), Computer-mediated communication in personal relationships (pp. 156-180). Peter Lang Publishing.
- Koc, S., & Liu, X. (2016). An investigation of graduate students’ help-seeking experiences, preferences and attitudes in online learning. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 27-38.
- Lattie, E. G., Lipson, S. K., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Technology and college student mental health: Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00246
- Lea, S. J., D. Stephenson, & J. Troy (2003). Higher education students’ attitudes to student centered learning: Beyond ‘educational bulimia’. Studies in Higher Education, 28(3), 321-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070309293
- Lee, S. J., Quigley, B. M., Nesler, M. S., Corbett, A. B., & Tedeschi, J. T. (1999). Development of a self-presentation tactics scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(4), 701-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00178-0
- Liu, X., Liu, S., Lee, S. H., & Magjuka, R. J. (2010). Cultural differences in online learning: International student perceptions. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 177-188.
- Lleras, C. (2005). Path analysis. Encyclopedia of social measurement, 3(1), 25-30.
- Lohnes, S., & Kinzer, C. (2007). Questioning assumptions about students’ expectations for technology in college classrooms. Innovate: Journal of Online Education, 3(5).
- Martin, K. A., & Brawley, L. R. (2002). Self-handicapping in physical achievement settings: The contributions of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Self and Identity, 1(4), 337-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860290106814
- Martin-Arbos, S., Castarlenas, E., & Duenas, J. M. (2021). Help-seeking in an academic context: A systematic review. Sustainability, 13(8), 4460. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084460
- McAllister, M., Wynaden, D., Happell, B., Flynn, T., Walters, V., Duggan, R., Byrne, L., Heslop, K., & Gaskin, C. (2014). Staff experiences of providing support to students who are managing mental health challenges: A qualitative study from two Australian universities. Advances in Mental Health, 12(3), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/18374905.2014.11081897
- McCabe, A., & O’Connor, U. (2014). Student-centred learning: The role and responsibility of the lecturer. Teaching in Higher Education, 19(4), 350-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2013.860111
- McKibben, W. B., Cade, R., Purgason, L. L., & Wahesh, E. (2020). How to conduct a deductive content analysis in counseling research. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 13(2), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 21501378.2020.1846992
- Meier, A. J. (1998). Apologies: What do we know?. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 8(2), 215-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-4192.1998.tb00130.x
- Michikyan, M., Dennis, J., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2015). Can you guess who I am? Real, ideal, and false self-presentation on Facebook among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814532442
- Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Dennis, J. (2014). Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 179-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.010
- Morand, D. A. (2000). Language and power: An empirical analysis of linguistic strategies used in superior–Subordinate communication. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(3), 235-248. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<235::AID-JOB9>3.0.CO;2-N
- Newman, R. S. (2008). The motivational role of adaptive help seeking in self-regulated learning. In D. H. Schunk, & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 315-337). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
- Nguyen, M., Sun Bin, Y., & Campbell, A. (2012). Comparing online and offline self-disclosure: A systematic review. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0277
- Nikolopoulou, K. (2022). Face-to-face, online and hybrid education: University students’ opinions and preferences. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 2(2), 2022, ep2206. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/12384
- O’Mara, E. M., Kunz, B. R., Receveur, A., & Corbin, S. (2019). Is self-promotion evaluated more positively if it is accurate? Reexamining the role of accuracy and modesty on the perception of self-promotion. Self and Identity, 18(4), 405-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1465846
- Oeldorf-Hirsch, A., Birnholtz, J., & Hancock, J. T. (2017). Your post is embarrassing me: Face threats, identity, and the audience on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 73, 92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.030
- Office for Students. (2022). The office for students annual review 2022. https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/publications/ annual-review-2022/
- Ofcom. (2022). Adults’ media use and attitudes report 2022. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/234362/adults-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2022.pdf
- Orpen, C. (1998). The causes and consequences of academic procrastination: A research note. Westminster Studies in Education, 21(1), 73-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 0140672980210107
- Øverup, C. S., & Neighbors, C. (2016). Self-presentation as a function of perceived closeness and trust with romantic partners, friends, and acquaintances. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156(6), 630-647. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1152215
- Ozkan, O. S., Durna, G., & Araz, A. (2022). Psychometric evaluation of the turkish version of the self-presentation tactics scale. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Social Sciences Institute], 24(2), 779-800. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1010261
- Paechter, M., & Maier, B. (2010). Online or face-to-face? Students’ experiences and preferences in e-learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 292-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.09.004
- Pandey, J. (2022). Ingratiation for self-enhancement. In J. pandey (Ed.), Nature and dynamics of social influence: Interpersonal and organizational contexts (pp. 95-123). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4598-4_5
- Park, J. H. (2010). Differences among university students and faculties in social networking site perception and use: Implications for academic library services. The Electronic Library, 28(3), 417-431. http://doi.org/10.1108/02640471011051990
- Pretorius, C., Chambers, D., & Coyle, D. (2019). Young people’s online help-seeking and mental health difficulties: Systematic narrative review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11), e13873. https://doi.org/10.2196/13873
- RStudio Team (2020). RStudio: Integrated development for R. RStudio, PBC, Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com
- Ranzini, G., & Hoek, E. (2017). To you who (I think) are listening: Imaginary audience and impression management on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.047
- Reed, P., & Saunders, J. (2020). Sex differences in online assertive self-presentation strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 166, 110214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110214
- Rim, H., & Song, D. (2016). “How negative becomes less negative”: Understanding the effects of comment valence and response sidedness in social media. Journal of Communication, 66(3), 475-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12205
- Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1-36.
- Rui, J., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013a). Strategic management of other-provided information online: Personality and network variables. In 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 3941-3950). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.500
- Rui, J., & Stefanone, M. A. (2013b). Strategic self-presentation online: A cross-cultural study. Computers in human behavior, 29(1), 110-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.chb.2012.07.022
- Sadler, M. E., Hunger, J. M., & Miller, C. J. (2010). Personality and impression management: Mapping the multidimensional personality questionnaire onto 12 self-presentation tactics. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 623-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.020
- Sanchez-Ruiz, P., Wood, M. S., & Long-Ruboyianes, A. (2021). Persuasive or polarizing? The influence of entrepreneurs’ use of ingratiation rhetoric on investor funding decisions. Journal of Business Venturing, 36(4), 106120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2021.106120
- Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
- Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management. Brooks/Cole.
- Schlosser, A. E. (2020). Self-disclosure versus self-presentation on social media. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019. 06.025
- Schmid, P., & Betsch, C. (2019). Effective strategies for rebutting science denialism in public discussions. Nature Human Behavior, 3(9), 931-939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0632-4
- Schumann, K. (2018). The psychology of offering an apology: Understanding the barriers to apologizing and how to overcome them. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417741709
- Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (Eds.). (2012). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203831076
- Schwinger, M., Wirthwein, L., Lemmer, G., & Steinmayr, R. (2014). Academic self-handicapping and achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(3), 744-761. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035832
- Shahani-Yeilaghi, M., & Basaknejad, S. (2007). A study of simple and multiple relationships of defensive self-presentation with imposter syndrome in graduate students of Shahid Chamran University (Ahwaz-Iran). Clinical Psychology and Personality, 5(2), 61-74.
- Stockdale, L. A., & Coyne, S. M. (2020). Bored and online: Reasons for using social media, problematic social networking site use, and behavioral outcomes across the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescence, 79, 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.010
- Strunk, K. K., & Steele, M. R. (2011). Relative contributions of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and self-handicapping in predicting student procrastination. Psychological Reports, 109(3), 983-989. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.09.20.PR0.109. 6.983-989
- Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1089/1094931041291295
- Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): A 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. International journal for quality in health care, 19(6), 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
- Tsai, W. C., Huang, T. C., Wu, C. Y., & Lo, I. H. (2010). Disentangling the effects of applicant defensive impression management tactics in job interviews. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 18(2), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2389.2010.00495.x
- Van der Velden, G. (2013). Staff perceptions of student engagement. The Student Engagement Handbook, 77-92.
- Vogel, D. L., & Wester, S. R. (2003). To seek help or not to seek help: The risks of self-disclosure. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(3), 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.351
- Vonk, R. (2002). Self-serving interpretations of flattery: Why ingratiation works. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(4), 515-526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.515
- Walsh, J. L., Fielder, R. L., Carey, K. B., & Carey, M. P. (2013). Female college students’ media use and academic outcomes: Results from a longitudinal cohort study. Emerging Adulthood, 1(3), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696813479780
- Waycott, J., Bennett, S., Kennedy, G., Dalgarno, B., & Gray, K. (2010). Digital divides? Student and staff perceptions of information and communication technologies. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1202-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.11.006
- Wong, W. K. W. (2012). Faces on Facebook: A study of self-presentation and social support on Facebook. http://hdl.handle.net/2031/6847
- Yagil, D. (2001). Ingratiation and assertiveness in the service provider-customer dyad. Journal of Service Research, 3(4), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050134007
- Yang, C., Chen, Y., & Gao, J. (2022). How and when can employees with status motivation attain their status in a team? The roles of ingratiation, OCBI, and procedural justice climate. Group & Organization Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011221112232
- Ye, J. (2006). Traditional and online support networks in the cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese international students in the United States. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(3), 863-876. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00039.x
- Zochil, M. L., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2018). Exploring poor sleep, mental health, and help-seeking intention in university students. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12160
How to cite this article
APA
Hayes, B. (2024). Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 4(1), ep2405. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169
Vancouver
Hayes B. Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response. Journal of Digital Educational Technology. 2024;4(1):ep2405. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169
AMA
Hayes B. Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response. Journal of Digital Educational Technology. 2024;4(1), ep2405. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169
Chicago
Hayes, Beatrice. "Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response". Journal of Digital Educational Technology 2024 4 no. 1 (2024): ep2405. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169
Harvard
Hayes, B. (2024). Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 4(1), ep2405. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169
MLA
Hayes, Beatrice "Exploring university students’ online self-presentation techniques and self-disclosure behaviors as predictors of staff response". Journal of Digital Educational Technology, vol. 4, no. 1, 2024, ep2405. https://doi.org/10.30935/jdet/14169