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Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and immersive technologies are reshaping education by enabling adaptive, personalized, and experiential learning environments that enhance engagement, instructional effectiveness, and administrative efficiency. This review explores Human-in-the-loop (HITL) frameworks that integrate human expertise with AI to enhance trust, interpretability, collaborative decision-making, and continuous feedback. AI applications in teacher professional development facilitate personalized training, competency growth, and ethical governance, emphasizing human-centered frameworks and structured professional learning. HITL approaches extend to reality training, knowledge graph validation, emotion recognition, and large language model integration, combining automated outputs with human oversight to ensure contextual appropriateness, fairness, and ethical compliance. Reinforcement learning augmented with human guidance enhances performance, robustness, and reliability, demonstrating scalable, interpretable, and human-aligned solutions. Challenges persist in explainability, bias mitigation, interface design, and the underexplored role of agentic AI, highlighting the need for continuous human involvement in AI-assisted educational systems. Empirical and conceptual evidence underscores that human-AI collaboration improves engagement and ethical alignment while enabling scalable, inclusive, and responsible AI incorporation across diverse educational and operational domains. This study proposed Human-AI Adaptive Synergy Theory (HAAST) for continuously co-adapting through reciprocal learning, feedback, and shared decisions. The study developed a Human-Centered Adaptive Intelligence Framework (HCAIF) that provides an operational structure for designing, evaluating, and governing such systems. The review synthesizes insights from educational, industrial, and technological applications, emphasizing that future directions should include designing transparent and interactive HITL systems. Collectively, integrating human intelligence with AI fosters resilient, inclusive, and adaptive learning ecosystems while modernizing intelligent educational and operational systems.
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Article Type: Review Article
Journal of Digital Educational Technology, Volume 6, Issue 2, October 2026, Article No: ep2621
https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19286
Publication date: 19 Sep 2026
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