Journal of Digital Educational Technology

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
• Alghalbie, F., Elnaem, M. H., & McCarron, P. A. (2026). Perspectives on artificial intelligence use in pharmacy education in Northern Ireland: A qualitative study based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 18(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2025.102490
• Arora, M. (2021). Artificial intelligence: New pathways and challenges in higher education. In S. Verma & P. Tomar (Eds.), Impact of AI technologies on teaching, learning, and research in higher education (pp. 30-48). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4763-2.ch002
• Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
• Bearman, M., Ryan, J., & Ajjawi, R. (2023). Discourses of artificial intelligence in higher education: A critical literature review. Higher Education, 86, 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00937-2
• Bond, M., Khosravi, H., De Laat, M., Bergdahl, N., Negrea, V., Oxley, E., Pham, P., Chong, S. W., & Siemens, G. (2024). A meta systematic review of artificial intelligence in higher education: A call for increased ethics, collaboration, and rigour. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21, Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00436-z
• Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood Press.
• Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press.
• Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
• Butson, R., & Spronken-Smith, R. (2024). AI and its implications for research in higher education: A critical dialogue. Higher Education Research & Development, 43(3), 563-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2023.2280200
• Chu, H. C., Hwang, G. H., Tu, Y. F., & Yang, K. H. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7526
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
• Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2024). Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(2), 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2190148
• Council of the European Union. (2018). Council recommendation of 22 May 2018 on key competences for lifelong learning. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018H0604(01)
• Currie, G. M. (2023). Academic integrity and artificial intelligence: Is ChatGPT hype, hero or heresy? Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 53(5), 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.04.008
• Davis, A. J. (2024). AI rising in higher education: Opportunities, risks and limitations. Asian Education and Development Studies, 13(4), 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-01-2024-0017
• Digital Education Council. (2024). Global AI student survey 2024. https://www.digitaleducationcouncil.com/form/global-ai-student-survey-2024
• European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2759/346720
• European Commission, Directorate-General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture. (2022). Ethical guidelines on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and data in teaching and learning for educators. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2766/153756
• Feenberg, A. (1995). Subversive rationalization: Technology, power, and democracy. In A. Feenberg & A. Hannay (Eds.), Technology and the politics of knowledge (pp. 3-22). Indiana University Press.
• Feenberg, A. (2002). Transforming technology: A critical theory revisited. Oxford University Press.
• Feenberg, A. (2017). Technosystem: The social life of reason. Harvard University Press.
• Gardner, J., O’Leary, M., & Yuan, L. (2021). Artificial intelligence in educational assessment: “Breakthrough? Or buncombe and ballyhoo?” Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(5), 1207-1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12577
• Gasaymeh, A. M. M., Beirat, M. A., & Abu Qbeita, A. A. (2024). University students’ insights of generative artificial intelligence (AI) writing tools. Education Sciences, 14(10), Article 1062. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14101062
• Hashmi, N., & Bal, A. S. (2024). Generative AI in higher education and beyond. Business Horizons, 67(5), 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.05.005
• Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign. https://curriculumredesign.org/wp-content/uploads/AIED-Book-Excerpt-CCR.pdf
• Infante Rivera, L. J., Castillo Rodríguez, M. N., Meza Terbullino, G. F., & Sinche Crispin, F. V. (2024). The use of artificial intelligence and its impact on the learning of university students: A review of the literature. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação, 19, Article e18712. https://doi.org/10.21723/riaee.v19i00.18712
• İpek, Z. H., Gözüm, A. İ. C., Papadakis, S., & Kallogiannakis, M. (2023). Educational applications of the ChatGPT AI system: A systematic review research. Educational Process: International Journal, 12(3), 26-55. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2023.123.2
• Jereb, E., & Urh, M. (2024). The use of artificial intelligence among students in higher education. Organizacija, 57(4), 333-345. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2024-0024
• Johnston, H., Wells, R. F., Shanks, E. M., Boey, T., & Parsons, B. N. (2024). Student perspectives on the use of generative artificial intelligence technologies in higher education. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 20, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00149-4
• Kostas, A., Paraschou, V., Spanos, D., Tzortzoglou, F., & Sofos, A. (2025). AI and ChatGPT in higher education: Greek students’ perceived practices, benefits, and challenges. Education Sciences, 15(5), Article 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050605
• Lai, J. W., & Bower, M. (2020). Evaluation of technology use in education: Findings from a critical analysis of systematic literature reviews. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 36(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12412
• Lavidas, K., Papadakis, S., Filippidi, A., Karachristos, C., Misirli, A., Tzavara, A., Komis, V., & Karacapilidis, N. (2024). Determinants of humanities and social sciences students’ intentions to use artificial intelligence applications for academic purposes. Information, 15(6), Article 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15060314
• Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
• Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2016). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education. Pearson Education.
• Ma, W., Adesope, O. O., Nesbit, J. C., & Liu, Q. (2014). Intelligent tutoring systems and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037123
• Miller, R. E. (2024). Pandora’s can of worms: A year of generative AI in higher education. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 24(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2024.a916988
• Oravec, J. A. (2023). Artificial intelligence implications for academic cheating: Expanding the dimensions of responsible human–AI collaboration with ChatGPT and Bard. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 34(2), 213-237. https://philarchive.org/rec/ORAAII
• Pal, S. (2023). A paradigm shift in research: Exploring the intersection of artificial intelligence and research methodology. International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Multidisciplinary Physical Sciences, 11(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.37082/IJIRMPS.v11.i3.230125
• Rane, N. L., Paramesha, M., & Desai, P. (2024). Artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, and the new cheating dilemma: Strategies for academic integrity. In N. L. Rane (Ed.), Artificial intelligence and industry in Society 5.0 (pp. 1-23). Deep Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.70593/978-81-981271-1-2_1
• Ravšelj, D., Keržič, D., Tomaževič, N., Umek, L., Brezovar, N., Iahad, N. A., Abdulla, A. A., Akopyan, A., Aldana Segura, M. W., AlHumaid, J., Allam, M. F., Alló, M., Andoh, R. P. K., Andronic, O., Arthur, Y. D., Aydın, F., Badran, A., Balbontín-Alvarado, R., Ben Saad, H., … Aristovnik, A. (2025). Higher education students' perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions. PLOS ONE, 20(2), Article e0315011. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315011
• Reiter, L., Jörling, M., Fuchs, C., Working Group ‘Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education’, & Böhm, R. (2025). Student (mis)use of generative AI tools for university-related tasks. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 41(19), 12390-12403. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2025.2462083
• Salas-Pilco, S. Z., Xiao, K., & Hu, X. (2022). Artificial intelligence and learning analytics in teacher education: A systematic review. Education Sciences, 12(8), Article 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12080569
• Sarwari, K. (2025). Using AI tools for teaching and learning: A systematic review of literature. Journal of Cognition, Emotion & Education, 3(1), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.22034/cee.2024.491255.1031
• Schiff, D. (2022). Education for AI, not AI for education: The role of education and ethics in national AI policy strategies. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 527-563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00270-2
• Selwyn, N. (2019). Should robots replace teachers? AI and the future of education. Polity Press.
• Sharples, M. (2023). Towards social generative AI for education: Theory, practices and ethics [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.10063
• Shen, L., Chen, I., Grey, A., & Su, A. (2021). Teaching and learning with artificial intelligence. In S. Verma & P. Tomar (Eds.), Impact of AI technologies on teaching, learning, and research in higher education (pp. 73-98). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4763-2.ch005
• Smeeton, N. C. (1985). Early history of the kappa statistic. Biometrics, 41(3), Article 795.
• Song, N. (2024). Higher education crisis: Academic misconduct with generative AI. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 32, Article e12532. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12532
• Sousa, A. E., & Cardoso, P. (2025). Use of generative AI by higher education students. Electronics, 14(7), Article 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071258
• Stokel-Walker, C. (2022). AI bot ChatGPT writes smart essays—Should professors worry? Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-04397-7
• Strijbos, J., Martens, R., Prins, F., & Jochems, W. (2006). Content analysis: What are they talking about? Computers & Education, 46(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.04.002
• Sullivan, M., Kelly, A., & McLaughlan, P. (2023). ChatGPT in higher education: Considerations for academic integrity and student learning. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.17
• Sun, D., Ba, S., Cha, Y., Yu, J., Chiang, F.-K., Dai, H. M., & Lim, C.-P. (2026). Empowering university teachers in higher education: A generative AI-responsive competency framework. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2026.100542
• Swiecki, Z., Khosravi, H., Chen, G., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Lodge, J. M., Milligan, S., Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2022). Assessment in the age of artificial intelligence. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, Article 100075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100075
• Tuomi, I. (2023). A framework for socio-developmental ethics in educational AI. In Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. University of Hawaiʻi ScholarSpace.
• Uebersax, J. S. (1987). Diversity of decision-making models and the measurement of interrater agreement. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.101.1.140
• Ullrich, A., Vladova, G., Eigelshoven, F., & Renz, A. (2022). Data mining of scientific research on artificial intelligence in teaching and administration in higher education institutions: A bibliometrics analysis and recommendation for future research. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 2(1), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-022-00031-7
• UNESCO. (2024a). AI competency framework for students. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000391105
• UNESCO. (2024b). AI competency framework for teachers. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/digital-education
• Yu, L., & Yu, Z. (2023). Qualitative and quantitative analyses of artificial intelligence ethics in education using VOSviewer and CitNetExplorer. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1061778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1061778
• Zamanzadeh, V., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi Majd, H., Nikanfar, A., & Ghahramanian, A. (2014). Details of content validity and objectifying it in instrument development. Nursing Practice Today, 1(3), 163-171.
• Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education—Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16, Article 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0

APA

Zagkos, C., Kyridis, A., Kamarianos, I., Tourtouras, C., Ladias, G., & Kyridi, A. (2026). Student engagement with generative AI in Greek higher education: Use patterns and academic integrity concerns. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 6(2), ep2620. https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19285

Vancouver

Zagkos C, Kyridis A, Kamarianos I, Tourtouras C, Ladias G, Kyridi A. Student engagement with generative AI in Greek higher education: Use patterns and academic integrity concerns. Journal of Digital Educational Technology. 2026;6(2):ep2620. https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19285

AMA

Zagkos C, Kyridis A, Kamarianos I, Tourtouras C, Ladias G, Kyridi A. Student engagement with generative AI in Greek higher education: Use patterns and academic integrity concerns. Journal of Digital Educational Technology. 2026;6(2), ep2620. https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19285

Chicago

Zagkos, Christos, Argyris Kyridis, Ioannis Kamarianos, Christos Tourtouras, George Ladias, and Angeliki Kyridi. "Student engagement with generative AI in Greek higher education: Use patterns and academic integrity concerns". Journal of Digital Educational Technology 2026 6 no. 2 (2026): ep2620. https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19285

Harvard

Zagkos, C., Kyridis, A., Kamarianos, I., Tourtouras, C., Ladias, G., and Kyridi, A. (2026). Student engagement with generative AI in Greek higher education: Use patterns and academic integrity concerns. Journal of Digital Educational Technology, 6(2), ep2620. https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19285

MLA

Zagkos, Christos et al. "Student engagement with generative AI in Greek higher education: Use patterns and academic integrity concerns". Journal of Digital Educational Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, 2026, ep2620. https://doi.org/10.29333/jdet/19285